Clasificación de Mass Murders según Holmes

De acuerdo con el criminólogo Stephen Holmes, los motivos de un asesino masivo pueden ser clasificados en seis diferentes categorías:

De acuerdo con el criminólogo Stephen Holmes, los motivos de un asesino masivo pueden ser clasificados en seis diferentes categorías:

La escuela de Columbine, el instituto tecnológico de Virginia, la escuela de Tussula en Finlandia, la tragedia de Arizona… ¿Qué tienen en común? Tiroteos más o menos indiscriminados que se cobraron la vida de inocentes a manos de un asesino que buscaba venganza y reconocimiento público. La sociedad se indigna y se pregunta qué ocurre con estos «asesinos», qué les mueve a provocar desgracias y sobre todo qué pasa por sus cabezas cuando disparan a sangre fría a un inocente y lo ven caer frente a ellos desangrándose.
Paul S. Appelbaum, profesor de Psiquiatría y Medicina Legal de la Universidad de Columbia (EE UU), manifiesta que «todavía no existe un perfil único de quienes cometen los asesinatos en masa. Algunos reúnen personalidades dominantes y están impulsados por ideologías políticas, étnicas o religiosas. Otros son seguidores pasivos, sin firmes puntos de vista propios, que se dejaron llevar en la participación de tales actos. La mayoría no se consideran enfermos mentales, pero algunos pueden tener rasgos psicóticos, que vienen motivados por las creencias delirantes acerca de las personas que tratan de hacerles daño».
El investigador y psiquiatra belga, Samuel Leistedt, de la Universidad Libre de Bruselas, junto con otros 10 psiquiatras, observó y analizó 400 películas (realizadas entre 1915 y 2010) durante un período de 3 años. Los investigadores identificaron 126 personajes psicopáticos: 105 hombres y 21 mujeres. Se seleccionaron los personajes en base a lo que ellos llaman la “exactitud clínica de sus perfiles”, que comprenden cuatro amplias categorías clínicas sobre psicópatas definidas por el psicólogo forense Hugues Hervé y por el psiquiatra Benjamin Karpman. Estas categorías son las siguientes:
Leistedt coescribió un artículo con Paul Linkowski titulado Psychopathy and the Cinema: Fact or Fiction? (La psicopatía y el cine: ¿verdad o mentira?), que publicó en la revista Journal of Forensic Sciences en 2013 y que puedes consultar aquí.
De acuerdo al estudio encabezado por Leistedt, los tres psicópatas más realistas son:

The 21 Steps of an Autopsy
- The dead body arrives at the morgue.
- The body’s identity is confirmed, assigned an identification number, and given a toe tag, which is a cardboard ticket with all of the corpse’s pertinent information written on it. This tag is tied to the big toe.
- The body is photographed from head to toe, front and back, in the clothing it was wearing when it arrived at the morgue.
- The body is photographed from head to toe, front and back, completly naked.
- The body is weighed on a scale, and the weight is recorded. The body is also measured for length, and completely X-rayed.
- The fingerprints of the corpse are taken. In instances in which hands and/or fingers are missing parts are duly noted.
- The clothing the deceased was wearing upon arrival at the morgue is carefully examined. Fiber samples from the garments are taken for later study, and stains on clothing are noted and examined.
- Any and all moles, wounds, tattoos, scars (including surgical scars), and other physical body anomalies are noted and examined.
- The corpse’s fingernails, toenails, skin, and hair are examined. The skin on the arms and legs is carefully checked for syringe markings.
- During a medical autopsy of a female, a rigorous examination of the external genitalia (labia, pubic hair, etc) is performed to determine whether or not there was a rape or sexual assault committed against the woman prior to (and/or after) her death.
- Body fluids (blood, urine, etc) are withdrawn from the body and subjected to comprehensive toxicology tests.
- The coroner makes a huge, full body-length “Y” incision that opens up the entire front of the body. The incision starts at each shoulder, proceeds on an angle down to the mid-chest, and then joins into a straight line that extends all the way to the pubis. This is the most dramatic element of a medical-legal autopsy, and most people who have never seen one performed are stunned by the dramatic way the body is spread wide by this incision. Many people have, at one time or another, seen some sort of surgical procedure performed. The incisions, even for major abdominal surgery, are thin, neat, and relatively “clean.” An autopsy incision need not be neat, nor concerned with excessive bleeding. Thus, the corpse is split wide open by a deep cut that is a very effective reminder that the person being autopsied is, in fact, quite dead.
- First the organs of the upper abdominal cavity-the lungs, heart, esophagus and trachea-are removed. The coroner then takes out the lower abdominal organs, which include the liver, spleen, kidneys, adrenals, stomach, and intestines. Slices of each organ are taken and tested.
- The internal genitalia of both males and females are examined. In the case of females, the uterus and vagina are carefully studied for signs of pregnancy, rape, or some form of sexual assault.
- The organs of the pelvic region, including the bladder, the uterus, and the ovaries, are removed. Samples of each organ are taken and analyzed.
- When the cause of death are either drowning or a suspected poisoning or drug overdose, the contents of the stomach are removed, examined, and carefully analyzed. All findings are recorded.
- Any and all bullet wounds are recorded. The number of wounds is noted, as well as the perceived direction(s) of the bullet(s). An estimate, based on the configuration of the bullet entrance wounds, is made as to what distance the gun was from the victim when it was fired. All bullets are removed from the body and placed in plastic bags. The bullets are then examined and recorded as evidence.
- First, a deep incision is made in the skin of the scalp. The cut, which is called intermastiod, begins behind one ear, travels over the top of the head, and ends behind the opposite ear. The scalp is then grasped firmly and pulled forward over the face, baring the skull. Using an electric saw, a wedge-shaped portion of the skull is cut out and removed, exposing the brain. The brain is then removed in its entirety, weighed, and examined.
- Since he or she is now through with them, the coroner returns all of the removed internal organs to the body cavities.
- The autopsy findings, complete with a final opinion as to the cause of death, as well as all reports and photographs, are turned over to legal authorities. This “package” becomes part of the corpus delecti, and is used as evidence in a court of law when necessary. The folder containing all of this detailed information is known as the case file.
- A final determination is made as to the cause of death, and the death certificate is filled out.
- The body is turned over to the funeral director the family has selected. The body is then prepared for burial, cremation, or donation.

“Sólo trato de purificar la Tierra de prostitutas, drogadictos, homosexuales y asaltantes”, dijo Pedro Nakada, el mayor asesino serial del Perú, quien confesó acabar con veinticinco personas por orden de Dios, que le pedía “limpiar el mundo de la escoria”.
The most critical factor common to serial killers is violent fantasy. Prentky and colleagues (1986), who studied repetitive sexual homicides, found that daydreams of causing bodily harm through sadism and other methods of sexual violence were common among offenders. The researchers concluded that…
Serial Killers - VISIONARY TYPE
This category of serial killers includes those serial killers whose homicides are committed in response to “voices” or “visions” that demand that a person or category of persons be destroyed. For some, the voice or vision is perceived to be that of a demon or evil force; for others, their killing is in response to a directive from God. Directed by a vision of God, Herbert Mullin set out to save the world from eminent destruction (a deadly earthquake which he believed he could ward off by killing). In the process, he lethally “sacrificed” 13 people to propitiate the God whose commands he obeyed. The “Red Demon” killer decapitated or stabbed four elderly women because a red demon within would give him peace of mind only if he killed.
Whatever the particular content or perceive source of the “vision”, the end behavioural product for the serial killer is homicide. The perpetration of lethal violence is legitimized by the vision that the killer has experienced. Unlike most other serial killers, the visionary type is sometimes definitely out of touch with reality. Since the visionary hears voices or sees visions, this type of killer is often adjudged psychotic.

No cabe duda que los psicópatas son personajes mediáticos cuyas “hazañas” ocupan gran parte de las noticias orales y escritas, debe ser por eso que al filo de la noticia se cometen con frecuencia banalizaciones y sobrevaloraciones del termino psicopatía, una banalización que corre paralela a la idea de que estamos rodeados de ellos y que con cierta impunidad los psicópatas de hoy están en la politica o en la empresa. De ahi a decir que todos los politicos o los empresarios son psicópatas hay un paso. En realidad ese paso ya se ha dado y en las redes corren como la pólvora noticias y articulos destinados a iluminar esta idea.
(Fuente: carmesi.wordpress.com)

Autopsia Psiquiátrica y/o Psicológica, es la exploración retrospectiva e indirecta de la vida de una persona ya fallecida, se evalúa después de la muerte, como era la víctima en vida, su conducta, su estado mental, tras una reconstrucción social, psicológica, psiquiátrica, y biológica postmortem. Comienza en la escena de los hechos, ya que para el Psicólogo o el Psiquiatra Forense en la escena de la muerte se encuentran elementos que deben estudiarse. Queda evidente que esta es una labor interdisciplinaria.
Todo documento que vaya a emplearse en el análisis debe formar parte del expediente, así como toda persona que sea entrevistada y tenga información valiosa para el objetivo pericial (peritaje, experticia).
De una forma didáctica Luis Enrique Vidal Palmer, psiquiatra del Hospital Psiquiátrico y Ernesto Pérez González, psiquiatra del Instituto de Medicinal Legal de La Habana (2005), definen la autopsia psiquiátrica como, peritaje psiquiátrico forense que intenta establecer retrospectivamente el estado mental de una persona ya fallecida, en determinado momento de interés judicial (civil o penal). Los psiquiatras nombrados aplican la técnica y el método, también a estados de coma o de demencia.
La autopsia psiquiátrica y/o psicológica se puede realizar tanto en derecho penal como en civil, en materia penal los casos que con más frecuencia pudiese ser realizada son en la víctima:

El método de Reid es utilizado por fuerzas policiales de todo el mundo ya que es una de las maneras más simples y práctica de obtener información de una persona. Por su simpleza también es aplicable a situaciones de la vida cotidiana.
(Fuente: elartedelaestrategia.com)